Science with Society in the Anthropocene

Interdisciplinary scientific knowledge is necessary but not sufficient when it comes to addressing sustainable transformations, as science increasingly has to deal with normative and value-related issues. A systems perspective on coupled human–environmental systems (HES) helps to address the inherent complexities. Additionally, a thorough interaction between science and society (i.e., transdisciplinarity = TD) is necessary, as sustainable transitions are sometimes contested and can cause conflicts. In order to navigate complexities regarding the delicate interaction of scientific research with societal decisions these processes must proceed in a structured and functional way. We thus propose HES-based TD processes to provide a basis for reorganizing science in coming decades.     

Anthropogenic impacts on suspended sediment load in the Upper Yangtze river

Climate change and human disturbance drive catchment erosion and increase riverine sediment load sensitively in small and medium-sized watersheds. This is not always true in large basins, where aggregation and buffering effects have dampen the ability to determine the driving forces of sedimentation. Even though there are significant responses to sedimentation in large river basins, it is difficult to get a precise quantitative assessment of specific drivers. This paper develops a methodology to identify driving forces that change suspended sediment load in the Upper Yangtze river. Annual runoff and sediment load data from 1954 to 2005 at the Yichang gauging station in the Upper Yangtze basin, daily precipitation data from 60 meteorological stations, and survey data on reservoir sediment were collected for the study. Sediment load/rainfall erosivity (S/R), is a new proxy indicator introduced to reflect human activities. Since the mid-1980s, S/R in the Upper Yangtze has dramatically declined from 0.21 to 0.03 (×10¹⁰ t ha h MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹), indicating that human activity has played a key role in the decline of the suspended sediment load. Before the mid-1980s, a higher average S/R is attributed to large-scale deforestation and land reclamation. A significant sediment decrease occurred from 1959 to 1961 during an extreme drought condition, and an increase in sedimentation in 1998 coincided with an extreme flood event, which was well recorded in the S/R curve. This indicates that the S/R proxy is able to distinguish anthropogenic from climate impacts on suspended sediment load, but is not necessarily indicatory in extreme climate events. In addition, typical drivers of riverine sediment load variation including soil conservation projects, reservoirs construction, and land use/cover change are discussed.     

Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of clenbuterol residues in swine urine and feeds

The present study outlines applications of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of clenbuterol residues. Antisera were raised from rabbits immunized with diazotized clenbuterol-bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugate. The assay was specific to clenbuterol with a half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC₅₀) of 1.8 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL in blank swine urine and phosphate buffer solution, respectively. The assay had high cross-reactivity (86%) with mabuterol, but low with other adrenergic agonists and antagonists. The average recovery of clenbuterol, as measured with the ELISA, ranged from 90% to 112% in swine urine samples and from 86% to 95% in feeds, respectively. This new assay was compared with commercial ELISA test kits. An excellent correlation (r ² = 0.98) between the two methods and satisfactory recoveries suggest that the new assay can be suitable for the determination of clenbuterol residues in real samples. The assay was used to analyze clenbuterol residues in 103 swine urine samples and 68 feed samples collected from northern China. Approximately 50% of the urine samples and 25% of the feed samples analyzed were found positive (concentration of clenbuterol ≥ 1 ppb). The results indicate that clenbuterol was misused in some of the areas surveyed.     

凹凸棒石粘土固定辣根过氧化物酶处理含酚废水

采用凹凸棒石粘土、可溶性淀粉和工业水玻璃作为制备凹凸棒石粘土基颗粒的材料,并将制备的凹凸棒石粘土基颗粒进行改性,得到了改性后的凹凸棒石基多孔材料,并将其作为固定辣根过氧化物酶的载体,再应用于含酚废水的处理研究,取得了良好的效果。实验结果表明,辣根过氧化物酶的最佳固定化条件为:单位酶活载体量1 mg、固定化时间1.5小时、固定pH值5。并且在固定化酶循环使用6次后,苯酚去除率仍能达到62.3%。     

Electrogeneration of H(2) for Pd-catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-dichlorophenol in groundwater

A novel electrolytic groundwater remediation process, which used the H₂ continuously generated at cathode to achieve in situ catalytic hydrodechlorination, was developed for the treatment of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) in groundwater. Catalytic hydrodechlorination using Pd supported on bamboo charcoal and external H₂ showed that 2,4-DCP was completely dechlorinated to phenol within 30 min at pH ? 5.5. In a divided electrolytic system, the catalytic hydrodechlorination of 2,4-DCP in cathodic compartment by H₂ generated at the cathode under 20 and 50 mA reached 100% at 120 and 60 min, respectively. Two column experiments with influent pHs of 5.5 (unconditioned) and 2 were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this process. The 2,4-DCP removal efficiencies were about 63% and nearly 100% at influent pHs of 5.5 and 2, respectively. Phenol was solely produced by 2,4-DCP hydrodechlorination, and was subsequently degraded at the anode. A low pH could enhance the hydrodechlorination, but was not necessarily required. This study provides the preliminary results of a novel effective electrolytic process for the remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated aromatics.     

2009年建全国污染源数据库

2007年,中国将结束污染源普查试点工作,2008年经过一年的全面普查后,将于2009年建成全国污染数据库。近日,国务院办公厅印发《第一次全国污染源普查方案》,方案确定2009年上半年将建成全国污染源数据库,并发布普查数据。九部门共同参与普查。根据方案,通过将2007年完成的污染源普查试点工作,验证排污系数和物料衡算方法,完善各项技术规范、普查表格及计算软件。     

Cd、Zn交互作用对三七景天根系形态和重金属吸收积累的影响

采取水培试验,研究了不同Cd、Zn浓度单一胁迫及其交互作用对三七景天生长、根系形态及Cd、Zn吸收和积累的影响.结果表明,三七景天对Cd、Zn单一胁迫均有较强的耐受性,其根、茎、叶各组织中Cd、Zn含量均随胁迫的增加而增加,且对Cd有较强的富集能力,地上部Cd含量可达133.0 mg·kg~(-1).Cd、Zn共同胁迫对三七景天生长的影响大于单一胁迫,而根系对其胁迫更为敏感,在Cd、Zn共同胁迫下其根系长度、表面积、体积和根尖数均显著降低,且对其根尖数的影响最为显著.Zn对三七景天地上部Cd吸收具有"低促高抑"效应,低浓度Zn(10 mg·L~(-1))对三七景天地上部Cd吸收有协同作用,促进Cd由根部向地上部转运.而添加Cd则对三七景天Zn吸收具有拮抗作用.Zn/Cd浓度比值对三七景天Cd吸收有显著影响,Zn/Cd比值较低时促进三七景天地上部Cd的积累,而高Zn/Cd比则抑制其Cd的积累.因此,三七景天具有较强的Cd富集能力,可应用于修复Cd污染土壤,而调节生长介质中Cd、Zn比例可促进三七景天对Cd的吸收效率.     

岷江上游山地生态系统的退化及其恢复与重建对策

阐述了岷江上游山地生态系统的主要特征及主要由人类活动引起的森林、草地、农用地和整个山地生态系统环境退化现状。在此基础上，提出了岷江上游退化山地生态系统恢复与重建的对策，即加强资源和环境的合理利用和保护，提高全民环境保护意识；分区分类治理；不同区城不同退化亚系统采取不同的技术方法。同时，就恢复与重建过程中应注意的几个问题出提出了解决的思路和方法。     

经济发展成本分析:可持续发展经济学的理论基础

可持续发展战略存在着理论与实践上的严重反差，其主要原因是可持续发展经济缺乏统一的理论基础，本文通过对经济学不同流派关于可持续发展问题研究的评析，认为可持续发展经济学需要建立一个统一的理论基础，并提出经济发展成本分析是可持续发展经济学的理论基础，围绕这一理论基础对可持续发展的概念进行了重新界定，并主张要把制度的激励与约束以及政策的引导纳入可持续发展经济途径研究的视野之中。